This is a guide how to write references intended for reference lists Harvard style for various documents. This guide is based upon the book The Chicago Manual of style. The essential guide for writers, editors, and publishers (2003). 15 ed., pp. 594-754. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Information about how to cite references in-text is available at Citing references Harvard.

Books with one Author

Include (if available): author’s family name and first name; year of publication (copyright); title; edition (if not 1:st); place of publication and publisher.

Example
Bryman, Alan ( 2008). Social research methods. 3.ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Books with two or more Authors

Fabozzi, Frank J., Modigliani, Franco and Jones, Frank J. (2010). Foundations of financial markets and institutions. 4.ed. Boston: Prentice Hall.

Books which are Edited (Anthologies)

For edited books include editor(s) in brackets between the name of the editor and year of publication.
Example:
Allen, Jeffner and Young, Iris Marion (eds.) (1989). The thinking muse: feminism and modern French philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Book Chapter

Include (if available): family name(s) and first name(s) of author(s) of book chapter; title of book chapter, year of publication (copyright); title of book; first and family name(s) of editor(s) and ed(s) in brackets; edition (if not 1:st); page numbers of chapter; place of publication and publisher.
Malmberg, Anders. (2003). Beyond the cluster – local milieus and global connections. In Remaking the Global Economy , Jamie Peck and Henry Wai-chung Yeung (eds.) , 145-162. London: Sage Publications.

Journal Article

Include (if available): family name(s) and first name(s) of author(s); year of publication; title of article; journal name; volume and issue; page numbers of article
Examples:
Lundmark, Linda ( 2005). Economic Restructuring into Tourism in the Swedish Mountain Range. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism,Vol. 5, No. 1, 23–45.

Graham, E and Boyle, P. (2001). Editorial introduction:(re)theorising population geography: mapping the unfamiliar. International Journal of Population Geography 7(6);389-394

Electronic Journal Articles

Same information included as for journal articles (see example above) and a URL-link and in some cases access date (mainly articles that are freely available on the internet). When you provide links you could either provide the URL of the abstract of the article or use the URL or DOI that the publisher states. Today the publisher often states how to write the reference. In some case you could give the unique URL of the article. This mainly applies to journals that are freely available on the web.

Examples:

Lundmark, Linda (2005). Economic Restructuring into Tourism in the Swedish Mountain Range. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism,Vol. 5, No. 1, 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15022250510014273

Larsen, James E. and Blair, John P. (2009). The importance of police performance as a determinant of satisfaction with police. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration 1(1): 1-10 http://www.scipub.org/fulltext/ajeba/ajeba111-10.pdf (Accessed 2010-09-29)

Newspaper Article

Include (if available): author of article; year of publication; title of article; magazine and month and day of the article
Example:
Jowit, Juliette (2010). Corporate lobbying is blocking food reforms, senior UN official warns. Guardian.September 22

Newspaper article on the web

Same informaton as for a printed article (see above) and URL of article and date of access in brackets. If the URL is very long it could be sufficient to use the URL of the newspaper e.g http://www.time.com/time/

Jowit, Juliette (2010). Corporate lobbying is blocking food reforms, senior UN official warns. Guardian. September 22 http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/sep/22/food-firms-lobbying-samuel-jutzi (Accessed 2010-09-30)

Web Pages/Internet Sources

Include (if available): author, organization, authority or company; last update of web page (year) ; title of document or page; name of web site or owner of web site; complete URL (http://.....) and date of access.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2010). Health: OECD says governments must fight fat. http://www.oecd.org/document/35/0,3343,en_21571361_44315115_46064099_1_1_1_1,00.html
(Accessed 2010-10-10)

For blogs include title and posting date of individual blog entry

Example:
Parker, Matt (2010). The simple truth about statistics. Guardian.co.uk Science blog, Sep 29. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2010/sep/29/statistics-lies-abuse (Accessed 2010-10-10)

Encyclopedias/Dictionaries

For articles/entries in online encyclopedias include (if available): author of article, year of publishing, title of article, name of encyclopedia; complete URL (http://.....) and date of access. If there is no author, use the title of the entry or article first.

Example:

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (2010). Encyclopedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142824/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-disease (Accessed 2010-10-30)

Dissertation

Include information about university of graduation and title of degree.
Example:
Bruce, Christine( 1997). The Seven faces of information literacy. PhD diss. , University of New England, Australia 1996. Adeleide, Auslib Press.

Landström, Mats (2009). Two essays on Central Bank independence reforms. Lic- diss., Umeå university Umeå : Umeå university.

Conference Proceedings

Lectures/presentations at conferences and seminars are published in anthologies called proceedings. Title, year and city of conference are to be included if known. Individual contributions to conference proceedings are treated as chapters in books. Sometimes those contributions are published in journals and are treated as journal articles.

Hall, C. Michael (2007). North-south perspectives on tourism, regional development and peripheral areas. In Tourism in peripheries : perspectives from the north and south, Dieter K. Müller and Bruno Jansson (eds.), 19-38. Perspectives on tourism in Nordic and other peripheral areas, 2004, Umeå. Wallingford, CABI.

Personal Communication

Personal communication includes more informal sources: e.g. letters, e-mails, phone calls or conversations. Permission should be sought before these sources are quoted, and a copy retained for reference. If you have promised an interviewee anonymity you must keep that promise. You will find more information about rules and guidelines for research at CODEX. http://www.codex.uu.se/en/index.shtml

Please note that personal communication is sometimes not included in the reference list as the sources normally are not traceable. In those cases information about personal communication are provided only in the footnotes Check with your teacher/supervisor if you are uncertain!

A reference to personal communication should include as much information as possible; name, profession/position, year, details of personal communication; date

Examples:

Svensson, Anna; student at Umeå university (2010). Interview 2010-05-11.

Informant 1: Grammar school, Umeå (2010). 12 boys and 12 girls, individual interviews 2010-05-09.

Smith, Veronica; Professor at the department of physics, Umeå University (2010). Northern lights, lecture 2010-03-12.

Please note that e-mail addresses belonging to individuals should only be provided if the owner has given permission.

Lee, Oscar (2008). E-mail. 2008-05-13. < oscar.lee@umu.se >

Secondary Sources

To cite a source from a secondary source is generally to be avoided, since you are expected to have read the works you cite. If an original source is not available you may use secondary sources. Only information about the secondary source would appear in the reference list. In the example below you have read Bob Smith´s book "Democracy"  published 1972 where he on page 72 cites Tom Small´s book "Civil rights" published 1832:

Smith, Bob (1981). Civil rights. Berlin: Herbst Verlag.